Saturday, January 26, 2013

Egypt to vaccinate after polio found in sewer

CAIRO (AP) ? Egypt's Health Ministry will carry out a vaccination campaign for children in several Cairo areas after polio was recently found in the capital's sewage.

The World Health Organization says a wild poliovirus was discovered in samples taken from sewage in the impoverished Cairo districts of Ezbet el-Haggana and Dar el-Salam and is believed to have been transmitted from Pakistan.

The Egyptian Health Ministry's head of preventive medicine says the ministry will start vaccinating children under 5 in those neighborhoods on Feb. 3. The campaign will be broadened around Cairo in the first week of March, Amr Qandil said Thursday.

Egypt was declared polio free after its last case in May 2004, and Qandil said no new cases have been reported.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/egypt-vaccinate-polio-found-sewer-170027617.html

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Friday, January 25, 2013

Synthetic corkscrew peptide kills antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

Friday, January 25, 2013

An engineered peptide provides a new prototype for killing an entire category of resistant bacteria by shredding and dissolving their double-layered membranes, which are thought to protect those microbes from antibiotics.

The synthetic peptide was effective in lab experiments against antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria, which cause a variety of difficult-to-treat, potentially lethal infections such as pneumonia and sepsis.

The team led by scientists at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center reported its findings online in advance of print this week at the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.

"The antibiotic pipeline against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative problem pathogens is a major unmet need in contemporary medicine; as such, our new antimicrobial agent holds immediate promise," said co-senior author Wadih Arap, M.D., professor in MD Anderson's Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology and the David H. Koch Center.

Arap, Renata Pasqualini, Ph.D., also a co-senior author, professor in genitourinary medical oncology and the Koch center, and colleagues have previously constructed peptide combinations that are in development against cancer and white fat cells.

"The prototype introduced here as an antibiotic candidate has a unique mechanism of action and translational applications readily identified," Pasqualini said.

Gram-negative bacteria that are highly resistant to existing treatments include E. coli, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and kebsiella pneumonia. These infections are often present in health care settings and most threatening to people with weakened immune systems.

The spiral peptide called KLAKLAKKLAKLAK acts against bacteria by puncturing their lipid bilayer membranes and has only low toxicity toward mammalian cells. These antimicrobial peptides, however, are subject to routine destruction by host enzymes or those generated by the microbe. Combating that effect by increasing the dose heightens both toxicity to other cells and cost.

D- KLAKLAKKLAKLAK destroys microbes, biofilms

Arap, Pasqualini and colleagues engineered a version of KLAKLAKKLAKLAK to use in their combination therapies but had not tested the peptide alone as an antibiotic.

The peptide is made of L-amino acids, the building blocks of life, which makes them vulnerable to destruction. The researchers synthesized a peptidomimetic ? a version of the peptide using D-amino acids with a reversed peptide sequence, making it more durable.

In a series of lab experiments, the researchers found that D-KLAKLAKKLAKLAK:

  • Kills a variety of strains of E. coli, A. baumanii and P. aeruginosa, including multi-drug resistant strains.
  • Works against Gram-negative bacteria at all phases of growth, including dormant cells that are prone to become resistant.
  • Causes dose-dependent damage to the bacterial membrane resulting in its dissipation and cell death.
  • Specifically disrupts lipids found in Gram-negative bacteria membranes while not affecting membranes in eukaryotic cells ? cells with the nucleus and other structures enclosed in separate membranes found in mammals and other non-microbial life.
  • Works in combination with the antibiotic piperacillin at lower doses to kill bacteria.
  • Eliminates biofilms, layers of combinations of microbes that adhere to surfaces and provide an ideal setting for bacterial growth.

Next step: Animal model experiments

Arap and Pasqualini note that developing D- KLAKLAKKLAKLAK as a drug will next require experiments in animal models of sepsis and other infections to further gauge the peptide's effectiveness and side effects.

In their cancer and anti-obesity research, the D-peptide is used with targeting agents to hit specific cells. Large preclinical studies in mice, rats and monkeys showed low toxicity at treatment-level concentrations. Their cancer drug in a first-in-human phase I clinical trial revealed side effects that were predictable, dose-dependent and reversible. Even so, toxicity may differ when it's used against bacterial infections.

The peptide was not effective against Gram-positive bacteria, which have thicker cell walls but are generally more vulnerable to antibiotics and the immune system than are Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria include those that cause anthrax, tuberculosis, strep throat and such treatment-resistant infections as Staphylococcus aureus.

Gram-negative bacteria, which have thinner membranes but are generally more resistant to antibiotics or immune system attack, also include those that cause typhoid fever, cholera, gonorrhea, syphilis and lyme disease.

###

University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center: http://www.mdanderson.org

Thanks to University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/126451/Synthetic_corkscrew_peptide_kills_antibiotic_resistant_Gram_negative_bacteria

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IAEA stresses Iran nuclear "dialogue", Tehran defiant

VIENNA/ZURICH (Reuters) - The U.N. nuclear watchdog signaled on Friday it would keep trying to secure Iran's cooperation with a long-stalled investigation, but a senior Iranian lawmaker suggested Tehran would only cooperate it if it won sanctions relief in return.

The comments by Alaeddin Boroujerdi, who chairs parliament's national security and foreign policy committee, add to Western suspicions that Iran may be using its talks with the U.N. agency as a bargaining chip to win concessions from world powers.

"Lifting sanctions against Iran is a national right of ours ... If we are supposed to have more cooperation with the Agency, Westerners should know that this is a two-way road," parliamentary news agency Icana quoted him as saying.

The U.N. International Atomic Energy Agency has been trying for a year to negotiate a framework agreement with Iran that would enable the Vienna-based IAEA to resume its investigation into suspected nuclear weapons research by the Islamic Republic.

Iran, a major oil producer which is facing tightening Western sanctions, says its nuclear program is entirely peaceful and that Western and Israeli intelligence information pointing to possible weapon aims is forged and baseless.

The IAEA's talks with Iran are separate from, but still closely linked to broader negotiations between Tehran and six major powers aimed at reaching a diplomatic settlement to the decade-old dispute and avert the threat of a Middle East war.

Only the powers can decide to ease sanctions on Iran and their immediate demand is that Tehran curbs its uranium enrichment, work which can have both civilian and military uses, and shuts an underground nuclear facility.

Both Iran and the powers - the United States, Britain, France, Germany, China and Russia - say they want to resume talks after a seven-month hiatus. But they have yet to announce a date and venue for their next meeting.

The IAEA and Iran failed in two days of talks last week to bridge their differences on how the investigation should be conducted and a new session has been scheduled for February 13.

In a meeting with Israel's president this week, IAEA Director General Yukiya Amano underlined the need to resolve differences with Iran diplomatically, the U.N. agency said on Friday, rather than war as Israeli leaders have mooted.

MILITARY SITE ACCESS

Israel, widely believed to be the only nuclear-armed state in the Middle East, has threatened possible military action if diplomacy and sanctions fail to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons.

Amano told Israeli President Shimon Peres at the World Economic Forum in Switzerland on Thursday that the U.N. agency had intensified "dialogue" with Tehran, the IAEA said.

That was a reference to the IAEA's push since January last year, so far fruitless, to gain access to sites, officials and documents in Iran it says it needs for its inquiry.

Amano "made clear the Agency's commitment to dialogue, and the need to resolve issues with Iran by diplomatic means", the IAEA said in a statement.

Israeli Defence Minister Ehud Barak, speaking on Thursday at Davos, sounded pessimistic on the prospect of Iran yielding to diplomatic pressure, which he deemed insufficient.

"There is a need for much more drastic sanctions ... something that you cannot easily convince the Russians and the Chinese to join," Barak said.

He sought to play down the destabilizing impact of any future war on Iran, saying a "surgical operation" would suffice and suggesting the United States was well-placed to launch it.

"Under this administration, the Americans, on orders from the White House, I believe, the Pentagon, have prepared quite sophisticated, fine, extremely fine 'scalpels'," Barak said.

Analysts say any brewing or actual military action against Iran will dim the chance of Iran opening up to U.N. investigators and spur Tehran to expel IAEA inspectors tasked with ensuring civilian safeguards on Iran's nuclear activity.

The IAEA's priority is to inspect the Parchin military facility, southeast of the capital, where it believes explosives tests relevant for nuclear weapons development may have taken place, perhaps a decade ago. Iran denies this.

Parchin "is a recognized military site and not engaged in our country's nuclear activities," Iran's state Press TV quoted Boroujerdi as saying.

He said there was no reason at this time to increase Iran's cooperation with the IAEA, "first because the inspection of Parchin is not among our commitments (under an existing nuclear safeguards agreement with the U.N. agency) and also because we are facing increasing sanctions."

(Additional reporting by Dan Williams in Jerusalem; Editing by Jon Hemming)

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/iaea-israel-iran-nuclear-row-must-resolved-peacefully-112019249.html

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Thursday, January 24, 2013

What "Salt to Taste" Actually Means

What "Salt to Taste" Actually Means"Salt to taste" can be a confusing instruction in recipes, since "taste" isn't a concrete measurement. Cooking blog the Kitchn lets us know what this oft-confused phrase really means.

"Salt to taste" doesn't mean "try to make your dishes salty." Instead, keep in mind what salt does as a seasoning: it reduces bitterness, and brings out the flavors of other, more subtle ingredients.

If you have a dish that tastes flat or bitter, a little salt might be the only fix you need. Before adding more spices or seasonings, try just adding a teaspoon or a healthy three-fingered pinch of salt. Taste again and see if the flavors have improved. Add a little more. Taste again.

And never forget the most important part: the tasting. Hit the link to read more.

What It Really Means to "Salt to Taste" | The Kitchn

Photo by Jonathan_W.

Source: http://feeds.gawker.com/~r/lifehacker/full/~3/5Hh9wy6rGxs/what-salt-to-taste-actually-means

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Starship Enterprise petition fizzles out

NASM

This model of the fictional Starship Enterprise was used in the weekly hourlong "Star Trek" TV series that aired September 1966 to June 1969. It is now on display in the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.

By Alan Boyle, Science Editor, NBC News

If the Death Star went up against the Starship Enterprise, who would win? When it comes to White House petition drives, it's the Death Star.

The petition calling on the federal government to build a fully operational "Star Wars" battle station attracted more than 34,000 signatures, forcing the White House to issue a hilarious response. But?a similar petition supporting a real-life version of Captain James T. Kirk's favorite ride?fell far short of the 25,000-signature requirement when the one-month deadline passed on Monday.

At last count, the Enterprise petition had 7,200 signatures, according to its creator, a Trek fan known publicly as BTE-Dan.?"I?m disappointed that it didn't reach 25,000, because I would have genuinely liked to have seen the Obama administration respond to it," Dan told NBC News in an email.?


Dan is the webmaster behind the "Build the Enterprise" website?? and he says he's serious about wanting NASA to do a feasibility study for an Enterprise-like spaceship.

"I really do think that building an interplanetary spaceship that follows the form of the USS Enterprise would be uniquely inspirational to Americans, and people around the world, too," he wrote. "Once its construction started in space, people would be fascinated by it, and it would constantly be in the news. And it might well inspire a new generation of Americans to study the STEM subjects [science, technology, engineering, math]."

Dan likes the basic idea behind the Obama administration's "We the People" program, which provides an opportunity for petitioners to get a response from the White House if enough people sign on.

"Unfortunately, having a short 30-day window to?gather signatures makes the petition system geared to getting high signature counts mainly for the most emotionally charged current events of the moment, like pro-gun control, or anti-gun control, or the desire of some to deport Piers Morgan," he said. "People are motivated by humor, too, like in the Piers Morgan case and for the Death Star petition, and there is nothing wrong with having some fun with the petitions. But I?d like to see the system changed so that more substantive petitions get considered."

Maybe the problem was that BTE-Dan's proposal was too substantive, especially for a concept that sounds like classic science fiction. The same issue might be working against another space-themed petition, calling on the federal government to build a nuclear thermal rocket. (NASA actually pursued a nuclear-rocket development program in the 1960s, and may do so again.) That campaign has attracted fewer than 2,300 of the required 25,000 signatures with 10 days to go before the deadline.

One thing's for sure: It'll be even harder for slightly wacky petitions like the Death Star plea, or an earlier effort to crack the alien conspiracy, to make their way into the spotlight in the future. That's because the White House raised the signature requirement from 25,000 to 100,000 last week. BTE-Dan's effort just might stand as the most ambitious effort to build a real-life Starship Enterprise until the year 2063 ? when eccentric genius?Zefram Cochrane?achieves the first warp drive flight and brings the Vulcans in for first contact.

More about starships and petition drives:


Alan Boyle is NBCNews.com's science editor. Connect with the Cosmic Log community by "liking" the log's?Facebook page, following?@b0yle on Twitter?and adding the?Cosmic Log page?to your Google+ presence. To keep up with Cosmic Log as well as NBCNews.com's other stories about science and space, sign up for the Tech & Science newsletter, delivered to your email in-box every weekday. You can also check out?"The Case for Pluto,"?my book about the controversial dwarf planet and the search for new worlds.

Source: http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/01/23/16665671-its-dead-jim-white-house-petition-to-build-starship-enterprise-fizzles?lite

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Banning Cats in New Zealand is Not the Solution: I Have a Better ...

Banning Cats in New Zealand is Not the Solution: I Have a Better Plan

New Zealand wants to ban cats, or at least a group there, led by environmentalist Gareth Morgan. I've been to New Zealand, and I understand that the native wildlife - particularly bird life - greatly have no defense against feral cats, or owned cats allowed outdoors (which are most owned cats there). Making matters more threatening to avian live, many native New Zealand birds are flightless.

Morgan wants to ban future cat ownership, allowing current owned cats to be 'grandfathered,' but no more cats when the current cats die. He doesn't explain his plan where all the shelter cats would go.

The local SPCA is no better, their executive director Bob Kerridge says "I believe in nature doing it's thing." He says he's 'ok' with the idea of cats doing whatever they do outside, even if that means killing native wildlife, however precarious the threatened species is.

Letting nature play out isn't an acceptable response since cats aren't indigenous to New Zealand. If they were, there would be a balance. Since some birds are flightless, this not only makes them more threatened by the cats, but also their chicks because they are ground nesters.

What's wrong with these people? Both sides are wrong!

Indeed, there are a lot of cats in New Zealand.?A 2011 survey by the New Zealand Companion Animal Council found that 48 percent of households in New Zealand owned at least one cat, a higher number than in other developed nations. The survey put the total cat population at 1.4 million. This means cats are valued in this country, people love them, and clearly choose to share their lives with them - for all their many benefits.

As I said, I understand the problem. I realize the real threat to native wildlife. There is a solution, though, is easy:

1) Keep pet cats indoors: Currently most cats in New Zealand are indoor/outdoor. Kept inside only, they obviously are no longer a threat to wildlife, or an annoyance to neighbors (also a problem), and the cats are safer as well. I don't know the percent of cats spayed/neutered in New Zealand, but it's not as high as in America, for example.

2) Initiate agressive trap, nueter and return to deal with feral cats: Volunteers set traps to capture feral cats. Once caught, the cats are given an overall quick health once over. Any cats suffering ill health may be put out of their misery. Kittens that are young enough do go to the SPCA to be adopted. While the vast majority of cats are spay/neutered, and in America vaccinated for rabies (rabies in not an issue in New Zealand). Ultimately, not being able to reproduce, the cats would die off.

There is?unnecessary?hate being perpetuated in this ridiculous?campaign? Morgan called on his countrymen ay to make their current cat their last in order to save the nation's unique bird species. He set up a website, called Cats To Go. The site once?depicted a tiny kitten with red devil's horns. The opening line: "That little ball of fluff you own is a natural born killer." Yes, cats are predators - but take the actions I describe above, and the problem will be solved over time. And immediately, there will be impact. Yes, sometimes answers are that simple. I can't understand why the Kiwi's aren't seeing that.

?

Filed under: cats, pets, Spay/Neuter, TNR - trap, neuter, return

Tags: cats and birds, New Zealand bans cats, outlawing cats, Steve Dale archives, TNR, trap neuter return

Source: http://www.chicagonow.com/steve-dales-pet-world/2013/01/banning-cats-in-new-zealand-is-not-the-solution-i-have-a-better-plan/

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Watering fields in California boosts rainfall in Southwest

Irrigation has downstream effects on climate and runoff to Colorado River

By Erin Wayman

Web edition: January 22, 2013

Farmers in California help make it rain in the American Southwest, a new computer simulation suggests. Water that evaporates from irrigated fields in California?s Central Valley travels to the Four Corners region, where it boosts summer rain and increases runoff to the Colorado River, researchers report online January 12 in Geophysical Research Letters.

This climate link may be crucial to the 40 million people who depend on the Colorado River for drinking water. That number could nearly double in the next 50 years at the same time that droughts are projected to become more common in the Southwest. Since the Central Valley?s supply of irrigation water faces an uncertain future, it?s important to examine how shortfalls in California might affect climate change in the region, says study coauthor Jay Famiglietti, a hydrologist at the University of California, Irvine.

?We have to understand these connections better to deal with changes in water availability,? he says.

The Central Valley is one of the world?s most productive agricultural regions. More than 50,000 square kilometers of the valley are irrigated, equaling one-sixth of all irrigated land in the United States.

A study in 2011 showed that watering the area?s crops cools local temperatures and increases humidity. But the work didn?t find any larger climate ties outside the region, because it relied on a regional climate simulation, which has trouble estimating conditions along the boundaries of a study area, Famiglietti says.

To overcome this problem, Famiglietti and Min-Hui Lo, now at the National Taiwan University in Taipei, simulated global climate over a 90-year period. They added in 350 millimeters of water ? coming from groundwater and surface reservoirs ? to the Central Valley between May and October each year. The researchers say that?s a realistic amount of irrigation based on published agriculture and climate data.

The simulations revealed that evaporation doubles in the Central Valley when there?s irrigation. That water vapor circulates to the Southwest during the summer monsoon season, which naturally brings rain to the area. ?The monsoon is like a big campfire burning away over the Southwest,? Famiglietti says. ?The irrigation acts as fuel on the fire.? In addition to bringing more water to the atmosphere, the water vapor brings more energy. And it changes the regional circulation, drawing in even more water vapor from the Gulf of Mexico.

Together, these changes intensify the monsoon season, resulting in a 15 percent increase in rainfall in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona and a 28 percent increase in runoff to the Colorado River compared with simulations lacking irrigation. Some of the water returns to California via the All-American Canal, which brings water from the Colorado River to Southern California, the simulation suggests.

?It?s a nice first step,? says hydrologist Michael Puma of Columbia University. ?And it?s a link that we need to investigate quite a bit more.? Many other variables, such as sea surface temperatures, also influence climate in the Southwest. To better estimate the strength of irrigation?s effect in the real world, more complex simulations that take these other factors into account are needed, Puma says.

The study also highlights the importance of investigating irrigation?s role in climate in other parts of the world, as well as other ways in which people?s use of water might have unintended consequences, Famiglietti says.?What we do with water management really has an impact on climate ? locally, regionally and globally.?


S. Perkins. Crop irrigation could be cooling Midwest. Science News. Vol. 177, February 13, 2010, p. 15 [Go to]

S. Perkins. Going down: climate change, water use threaten Lake Mead. Science News. Vol. 173, February 23, 2008, p. 115. [Go to]

S. Perkins. Hey, it?s cooler near the sprinklers. Science News. Vol. 171, March 17, 2007, p. 174. [Go to]

Source: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/347691/title/Watering_fields_in_California_boosts_rainfall_in_Southwest

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